Washington

Scientists have identified a small but crucial protein that helps regulate appetite and energy balance in the human body, offering new insights into how genetic factors may contribute to obesity.

According to a study published in Science Signalling on December 16, researchers found that a protein known as MRAP2 acts as a vital “helper” for an appetite-regulating receptor called MC3R, which plays a central role in determining whether the body stores energy or burns it.

The international research team, led by scientists from the University of Birmingham, discovered that MC3R cannot function effectively on its own and depends on MRAP2 to transmit appetite and energy signals properly. When both proteins were present in equal amounts in cell models, signalling activity was significantly enhanced, indicating a stronger regulation of energy balance.

Earlier studies had already shown that MRAP2 is essential for the activity of MC4R, another receptor known to control hunger. The new findings reveal that MRAP2 also supports MC3R, highlighting its broader role in appetite regulation.

The researchers further examined genetic mutations of MRAP2 that have been found in some people with obesity. These mutated forms failed to enhance MC3R signalling, weakening appetite-control mechanisms and disrupting energy balance.

Dr Caroline Gorvin, Associate Professor at the University of Birmingham and lead author of the study, said the findings provide valuable insights into hormonal systems governing appetite, energy balance and puberty timing. She added that MRAP2 mutations could serve as a clear indicator of genetic risk for obesity.

The researchers believe that understanding how MRAP2 supports appetite-related signalling could open the door to future treatments. Targeting this protein may help enhance feelings of fullness, reduce overeating and improve energy balance, offering new options for weight management beyond dieting alone.

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The study was conducted by researchers from the Department of Metabolism and Systems Science and the Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), a joint initiative of the Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham focused on developing therapies for metabolic and other chronic diseases.